ccie exam fee Analysis of Cisco CEF
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) technology is a new routing switching solution introduced by Cisco. It has good switching performance, enhanced switching architecture and extremely high packet forwarding rate.ccie exam fee
The basic functions of traditional routers are route calculation and packet forwarding. Usually based on shared memory architecture, a centralized CPU, which is a single CPU (or multiple CPUs, connected into a router cluster) controls the shared bus and connects multiple interface cards. The card contains a simple queue and other structures, communicates with the CPU, and implements packet forwarding through the shared bus.With the rapid development of the Internet and the emergence of a large number of new service requirements, higher requirements are placed on the routing and switching performance of the network. ccie exam fee.To improve the packet forwarding rate and system performance at the same time, the design of traditional routers and switching devices must be adopted. The architecture was improved and some new design options were added to improve system performance.Switching routers using CEF technology have qualitative changes in architecture, routing, and interface card performance. They are especially suitable for the core layer of large-volume ISP networks, and are also widely used in the backbone of high-speed enterprise networks.
CEF has two modes:
(1) Centralized:
Allows a routing processing module to run an express exchange,which is the FIB and adjacency tables reside in the routing processing module. When the line card is unavailable or does not have the function of decentralized CEF switching, the centralized CEF switching mode can be used.
(2) Distributed:
(Generally referred to as dCEF) Allows the router's multiple line cards (VIPs) to run the express switching function separately, provided that the line is a VIP line card or a GSR line card. The central routing processor performs functions such as system management/routing and forwarding table calculations, and distributes the CEF tables to a single line card; each line card maintains the same copy of one FIB and adjacency list.ccie exam fee.The line card performs fast forwarding between the port adapters so that the switching operation does not require the participation of the routing switch module. DCEF uses an "internal process communication" mechanism to ensure synchronization of the FIB and adjacency tables between the route processor and the interface card.
Exchange algorithm:
Ø Process exchange
The original Cisco routers used centralized CPU packet switching. All packets were passed to the CPU through the shared bus, searched by the routing table, CRC recalculated, and then passed to the appropriate line card through the shared bus.
Ø fast exchange
An IP packet arriving at a specific destination address usually causes a packet flow, that is, assuming that the packet has been exchanged to a specific destination, the other is likely to arrive soon.By constructing the cache of the exchange target, it is possible to reduce the number of times the packet finds the same target in the full routing table.ccie exam fee. This "one-time route, then exchange" mode is called fast exchange, and the fast exchange greatly improves the packet forwarding rate of the router, thus becoming The default exchange mechanism on the Cisco router platform.However, it should be noted that changes to the IP routing table will invalidate the cache. In an environment where routing conditions are constantly changing, the advantages of the route cache will be greatly limited.
Ø Autonomous exchange
The feature of autonomous switching is that some switching functions are offloaded from the CPU. In effect, the routing cache function is moved from the CPU to the secondary switching processor, and the receiving packet on the line card first completes the local routing cache target search in the switching processor, interrupts the CPU if the search fails, and then performs routing.Here, Cisco renames the CPU that periodically calculates the route to the route processor and the auxiliary switch processor to the switch processor. Autonomous switching is performed on the Cisco 7000 Series routers to further improve throughput and other performance.ccie exam fee
Ø Distributed exchange
With the introduction of the VIP (Versatile Interface Processor) card, the switching system of the router has gradually evolved to a peer-to-peer multiprocessor architecture.Cisco ccie exam. Each VIP card contains a RISC processor, maintains the latest copy of the fast switching cache generated by the routing switch processor, and can independently implement the function of routing and switching, and complete two types of switching at high speed---local VIP exchange and VIP exchange.
Ø express exchange
As mentioned above, the fast-switching caching mechanism does not scale well in high-speed dynamic routing environments such as the Internet (often with network topology changes, routing changes, route flapping, etc.), and the routing changes cause the cache to be invalid. Rebuilding the cache (that is, the process of performing a "process exchange") is computationally expensive;At the same time, with the rapid development of the Internet and its services, various applications and interactive services based on WEB have increased the number of real-time data streams with a large number of communication times and short communication times, and the contents of fast-switched cache contents are constantly changing. The burden on the cache is increased, resulting in reduced router performance. The CEF Express Exchange Technology is designed to address these shortcomings.Cisco ccie exam
CEF is an advanced Layer 3 switching technology designed primarily for high performance, highly scalable Layer 3 IP backbone switching.To optimize the route lookup mechanism for packet forwarding, CEF defines two main components: the Forwarding Information Base and the Adjacency Table.Cisco ccie exam
The forwarding information base (FIB) is a lookup table in which the router determines the target exchange. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the FIB entry and the IP routing table entry, that is, the FIB is a mirror image of the routing information contained in the IP routing table. Since the FIB contains all the necessary routing information, there is no need to maintain the routing cache. When the network topology or route changes, the IP routing table is updated and the contents of the FIB change.Cisco ccie exam
The CEF uses the adjacency list to provide the information needed for the MAC layer rewriting of the packet. Each item in the FIB points to a next hop hop in the adjacency list. If neighboring nodes can forward each other through the data link layer, these nodes are listed in the adjacency list.
Once the adjacency is found, the system writes it to the adjacency list. The adjacency sequence is generated at any time. Each time a neighbor entry is generated, a link layer header information is pre-computed for that neighbor node, and the link is taken. The layer header information is stored in the adjacency list. When the route is decided, it points to the next network segment and the corresponding adjacency entry. It is then used for encapsulation when the packet is CEF exchanged.
To view information about the adjacency table, you can use the Cisco IOS command: show adjacency/show adjacency detail. When we look at the adjacency table information, we find the following two main types of adjacency: Host adjacency and Point to Point.Cisco ccie exam The usual display of the Host adjacency type is an IP address, which indicates the adjacent next hop IP address; the Point to Point type display is "point 2point", indicating that this is a point-to-point circuit. There are also other special types, such as Null adjacency, Glean adjacency, etc.
CEF is a high-speed switching method designed for high-performance, highly scalable IP backbone networks. From the above introduction, it is not difficult to see that in large-scale dynamic IP networks, CEF can provide unprecedented consistency and stability of exchange.It can effectively compensate for the frequent failure of fast-switching cache entries. The CEF distributed exchange enables each line card to be completely exchanged, providing superior performance.CEF has less memory than fast-switched routing caches and provides load balancing, network accounting, and more. With the help of CEF Express switching technology and other revolutionary innovations, Cisco's GSR routers have achieved great success worldwide.
Publisher:IE LAB
publish Website: http://ielab.network
WhatsApp: +8617782638871
Skype:live:ielab.anna
ccie exam fee Analysis of Cisco CEF
CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) technology is a new routing switching solution introduced by Cisco. It has good switching performance, enhanced switching architecture and extremely high packet forwarding rate.ccie exam fee
The basic functions of traditional routers are route calculation and packet forwarding. Usually based on shared memory architecture, a centralized CPU, which is a single CPU (or multiple CPUs, connected into a router cluster) controls the shared bus and connects multiple interface cards. The card contains a simple queue and other structures, communicates with the CPU, and implements packet forwarding through the shared bus.With the rapid development of the Internet and the emergence of a large number of new service requirements, higher requirements are placed on the routing and switching performance of the network. ccie exam fee.To improve the packet forwarding rate and system performance at the same time, the design of traditional routers and switching devices must be adopted. The architecture was improved and some new design options were added to improve system performance.Switching routers using CEF technology have qualitative changes in architecture, routing, and interface card performance. They are especially suitable for the core layer of large-volume ISP networks, and are also widely used in the backbone of high-speed enterprise networks.
CEF has two modes:
(1) Centralized:
Allows a routing processing module to run an express exchange,which is the FIB and adjacency tables reside in the routing processing module. When the line card is unavailable or does not have the function of decentralized CEF switching, the centralized CEF switching mode can be used.
(2) Distributed:
(Generally referred to as dCEF) Allows the router's multiple line cards (VIPs) to run the express switching function separately, provided that the line is a VIP line card or a GSR line card. The central routing processor performs functions such as system management/routing and forwarding table calculations, and distributes the CEF tables to a single line card; each line card maintains the same copy of one FIB and adjacency list.ccie exam fee.The line card performs fast forwarding between the port adapters so that the switching operation does not require the participation of the routing switch module. DCEF uses an "internal process communication" mechanism to ensure synchronization of the FIB and adjacency tables between the route processor and the interface card.
Exchange algorithm:
Ø Process exchange
The original Cisco routers used centralized CPU packet switching. All packets were passed to the CPU through the shared bus, searched by the routing table, CRC recalculated, and then passed to the appropriate line card through the shared bus.
Ø fast exchange
An IP packet arriving at a specific destination address usually causes a packet flow, that is, assuming that the packet has been exchanged to a specific destination, the other is likely to arrive soon.By constructing the cache of the exchange target, it is possible to reduce the number of times the packet finds the same target in the full routing table.ccie exam fee. This "one-time route, then exchange" mode is called fast exchange, and the fast exchange greatly improves the packet forwarding rate of the router, thus becoming The default exchange mechanism on the Cisco router platform.However, it should be noted that changes to the IP routing table will invalidate the cache. In an environment where routing conditions are constantly changing, the advantages of the route cache will be greatly limited.
Ø Autonomous exchange
The feature of autonomous switching is that some switching functions are offloaded from the CPU. In effect, the routing cache function is moved from the CPU to the secondary switching processor, and the receiving packet on the line card first completes the local routing cache target search in the switching processor, interrupts the CPU if the search fails, and then performs routing.Here, Cisco renames the CPU that periodically calculates the route to the route processor and the auxiliary switch processor to the switch processor. Autonomous switching is performed on the Cisco 7000 Series routers to further improve throughput and other performance.ccie exam fee
Ø Distributed exchange
With the introduction of the VIP (Versatile Interface Processor) card, the switching system of the router has gradually evolved to a peer-to-peer multiprocessor architecture.Cisco ccie exam. Each VIP card contains a RISC processor, maintains the latest copy of the fast switching cache generated by the routing switch processor, and can independently implement the function of routing and switching, and complete two types of switching at high speed---local VIP exchange and VIP exchange.
Ø express exchange
As mentioned above, the fast-switching caching mechanism does not scale well in high-speed dynamic routing environments such as the Internet (often with network topology changes, routing changes, route flapping, etc.), and the routing changes cause the cache to be invalid. Rebuilding the cache (that is, the process of performing a "process exchange") is computationally expensive;At the same time, with the rapid development of the Internet and its services, various applications and interactive services based on WEB have increased the number of real-time data streams with a large number of communication times and short communication times, and the contents of fast-switched cache contents are constantly changing. The burden on the cache is increased, resulting in reduced router performance. The CEF Express Exchange Technology is designed to address these shortcomings.Cisco ccie exam
CEF is an advanced Layer 3 switching technology designed primarily for high performance, highly scalable Layer 3 IP backbone switching.To optimize the route lookup mechanism for packet forwarding, CEF defines two main components: the Forwarding Information Base and the Adjacency Table.Cisco ccie exam
The forwarding information base (FIB) is a lookup table in which the router determines the target exchange. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the FIB entry and the IP routing table entry, that is, the FIB is a mirror image of the routing information contained in the IP routing table. Since the FIB contains all the necessary routing information, there is no need to maintain the routing cache. When the network topology or route changes, the IP routing table is updated and the contents of the FIB change.Cisco ccie exam
The CEF uses the adjacency list to provide the information needed for the MAC layer rewriting of the packet. Each item in the FIB points to a next hop hop in the adjacency list. If neighboring nodes can forward each other through the data link layer, these nodes are listed in the adjacency list.
Once the adjacency is found, the system writes it to the adjacency list. The adjacency sequence is generated at any time. Each time a neighbor entry is generated, a link layer header information is pre-computed for that neighbor node, and the link is taken. The layer header information is stored in the adjacency list. When the route is decided, it points to the next network segment and the corresponding adjacency entry. It is then used for encapsulation when the packet is CEF exchanged.
To view information about the adjacency table, you can use the Cisco IOS command: show adjacency/show adjacency detail. When we look at the adjacency table information, we find the following two main types of adjacency: Host adjacency and Point to Point.Cisco ccie exam The usual display of the Host adjacency type is an IP address, which indicates the adjacent next hop IP address; the Point to Point type display is "point 2point", indicating that this is a point-to-point circuit. There are also other special types, such as Null adjacency, Glean adjacency, etc.
CEF is a high-speed switching method designed for high-performance, highly scalable IP backbone networks. From the above introduction, it is not difficult to see that in large-scale dynamic IP networks, CEF can provide unprecedented consistency and stability of exchange.It can effectively compensate for the frequent failure of fast-switching cache entries. The CEF distributed exchange enables each line card to be completely exchanged, providing superior performance.CEF has less memory than fast-switched routing caches and provides load balancing, network accounting, and more. With the help of CEF Express switching technology and other revolutionary innovations, Cisco's GSR routers have achieved great success worldwide.
Publisher:IE LAB
publish Website: http://ielab.network
WhatsApp: +8617782638871
Skype:live:ielab.anna
ccie exam fee Analysis of Cisco CEF
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